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Light traveling through extragalactic clouds of gas that absorb particular wavelengths before reaching telescopes on earth
Light traveling through extragalactic clouds of gas that absorb particular wavelengths before reaching telescopes on earth
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The fine structure constant, alpha, is a topic of current research. The strength of the Electromagnetic Interaction is dependent on alpha. Analyzing the absorption of light from distant objects allows one to measure the value of alpha at an earlier time. By comparing the absorption lines to those found today, there is evidence that alpha may actually vary in time.


[Abstract] [Background] [Observation] [Analysis] [Notes]
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This celestial oddity is believed to be the result of a compact galaxy colliding near the center of a spiral galaxy. As the "bullet" galaxy approached, the spiral galaxy was drawn toward the massive center by gravity. The "wheel" originated from the clumping of stars as the radius of the spiral galaxy shrunk. Then the ring-like clumping moved away from the center as the "bullet" exited and decreased the gravitational attraction. The dense ring of stars forms the wheel while spokes emanate from the galactic center.


[Title] [Outline] [Description] [Theoretical Model] [Generation]
[Rendering] [Collision] [Conservation] [References]
Movies: [Solar System Disruption] [C86 Component View] [C86 Single View]
A composite utilizing x-ray, ultraviolet, infrared, and visible spectrum to image the Cartwheel Galaxy (i.e. this is not a naked eye view but several images artificially colored and spliced)
A composite utilizing x-ray, ultraviolet, infrared, and visible spectrum to image the Cartwheel Galaxy (i.e. this is not a naked eye view but several images artificially colored and spliced)
A representation of a few of the many possible paths a particle actually takes
A representation of a few of the many possible paths a particle actually takes
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(work in progress)


By reformulating the notion of a single path into a sum of probabilistic histories, the path integral bridges the gap between classical and quantum mechanics. Instead of the definite path of least action, the action principle is used in computing the amplitude of every path's probability. Replacing the integral with a summation, a numerical solution is limited only by the discretization of steps along any particular path.


[First Method] [Second Method]
Movies: [Single Well (SHO)] [Single Well (SHO)] [Double Well (AHO)]
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(coming soon)

Sensing two inputs utilizing infrared light emitting diodes and photo transistors.
Sensing two inputs utilizing infrared light emitting diodes and photo transistors.
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